Which of the following is NOT considered a psychological factor in marketing?

Psychological factors in marketing revolve around the internal processes that influence consumer behavior, including how people think, feel, and make decisions. Brand loyalty, motivations, and perceptions are all aspects that are shaped by individual psychology and play a crucial role in how consumers interact with products and brands.

Brand loyalty reflects a consumer's commitment to repurchase or continue using a brand, which is deeply influenced by their psychological connection to that brand. Motivations drive consumers to fulfill their needs or desires, impacting their purchasing decisions. Perceptions involve how consumers interpret information and experiences related to brands or products, significantly affecting their choices.

In contrast, country is not a psychological factor but rather a socio-cultural one. It refers to external elements such as national culture or economic conditions that can influence consumer behavior. While the country of origin may affect perceptions or motivations, it does so externally rather than through psychological processes. Thus, identifying country as the non-psychological factor highlights the distinction between internal psychological influences and external socio-cultural attributes.